C++ 算法 上界(upper_bound())函数
C++算法 上界(upper_bound()) 函数是二分查找的一种版本。此函数用于返回指向范围[first, last)中大于指定值val的第一个元素的迭代器。
第一个版本使用operator <来比较元素,而第二个版本使用给定的比较函数comp。
语法
default (1) template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
ForwardIterator upper_bound (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
const T& val);
custom (2) template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare>
ForwardIterator upper_bound (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
const T& val, Compare comp);
参数
first : 指向要搜索范围中的第一个元素的前向迭代器。
last : 指向要搜索范围中最后一个元素的后向迭代器。
comp : 用户定义的二元谓词函数,接受两个参数,并返回true(如果两个参数按顺序排列)或false(如果两个参数不按顺序排列)。它遵循严格弱次序来对元素进行排序。
val : 用于比较范围中元素的上界值。
返回值
如果找到这样的元素,则返回指向范围中第一个大于val的元素的迭代器,否则返回last。
复杂度
平均复杂度是首尾之间距离的对数级别,执行多达log2(N) + 1次元素比较,其中N = last – first。
数据竞争
访问[first, last)范围内的对象。
异常
如果元素比较或迭代器上的操作引发异常,则此函数会引发异常。
注意:无效的参数会导致未定义的行为。
示例1
让我们看一个简单的示例来演示upper_bound()的用法:
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
vector<int> v = {3, 1, 4, 6, 5};
decltype(v)::iterator it = upper_bound(v.begin(), v.end(), 3);
cout<<"Upper bound of 3 is: ";
cout << *it << endl;
return 0;
}
输出:
Upper bound of 3 is: 4
示例2
让我们看另一个简单的示例:
#include <iostream> // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::lower_bound, std::upper_bound, std::sort
#include <vector> // std::vector
using namespace std;
int main () {
int myints[] = {10,20,30,30,20,10,10,20};
vector<int> v(myints,myints+8); // 10 20 30 30 20 10 10 20
sort (v.begin(), v.end()); // 10 10 10 20 20 20 30 30
vector<int>::iterator low,up;
low=lower_bound (v.begin(), v.end(), 20); // ^
up= upper_bound (v.begin(), v.end(), 20); // ^
cout << "lower_bound at position " << (low- v.begin()) << '\n';
cout << "upper_bound at position " << (up - v.begin()) << '\n';
return 0;
}
输出:
lower_bound at position 3
upper_bound at position 6
示例3
让我们看另一个简单的示例:
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a[] = {2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 9, 10};
vector<int> v(a, a+10);
cout <<"\nHere are the contents of v:\n";
for (vector<int>::size_type i=0; i<v.size(); i++)
cout <<v.at(i)<<" ";
vector<int>::iterator upper;
upper = upper_bound(v.begin(), v.end(), 3);
if (upper != v.end())
cout <<"\nUpper bound of 3 in v = "<<*upper;
upper = upper_bound(v.begin(), v.end(), 4);
if (upper != v.end())
cout <<"\nUpper bound of 4 in v = "<<*upper;
upper = upper_bound(v.begin(), v.end(), 5);
if (upper != v.end())
cout <<"\nUpper bound of 5 in v = "<<*upper;
upper = upper_bound(v.begin(), v.end(), 7);
if (upper != v.end())
cout <<"\nUpper bound of 7 in v = "<<*upper;
upper = upper_bound(v.begin(), v.end(), 0);
if (upper != v.end())
cout <<"\nUpper bound of 0 in v = "<<*upper;
upper = upper_bound(v.begin(), v.end(), 15);
if (upper != v.end())
cout <<"\nUpper bound of 15 in v = "<<*upper;
cout <<"\n\nNote that the upper bound location of 15 is \nthe end (one-past-the-last) vector position.";
return 0;
}
输出:
Here are the contents of v:
2 3 5 6 7 7 7 8 9 10
Upper bound of 3 in v = 5
Upper bound of 4 in v = 5
Upper bound of 5 in v = 6
Upper bound of 7 in v = 8
Upper bound of 0 in v = 2
Note that the upper bound location of 15 is
the end (one-past-the-last) vector position.
示例4
让我们看另一个简单的示例:
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
bool ignore_case(char a, char b) {
return(tolower(a) == tolower(b));
}
int main(void) {
vector<char> v = {'A', 'b', 'C', 'd', 'E'};
auto it = upper_bound(v.begin(), v.end(), 'C');
cout << "Upper bound of \'C\' is " << *it << endl;
it = upper_bound(v.begin(), v.end(), 'C', ignore_case);
cout << "Upper bound of \'C\' is " << *it << endl;
it = upper_bound(v.begin(), v.end(), 'z', ignore_case);
cout << "All elements are less than \'z\'." << endl;
return 0;
}
输出:
Upper bound of 'C' is d
Upper bound of 'C' is C
All elements are less than 'z'.