极客笔记如何在Python中开发游戏
Python是最通用的语言，几乎在每个领域都有它的存在，包括Web开发、机器学习、人工智能、GUI应用和游戏开发。
Python提供了一个内置库叫做pygame，用于开发游戏。一旦我们理解了Python编程的基本概念，我们可以使用pygame库制作具有吸引人的图形、适当的动画和声音的游戏。
pygame是一个跨平台的库，用于设计视频游戏。它包括计算机图形和声音库，为用户提供标准的游戏体验。
它由 Pete Shinners开发，用来替代PySDL。
Pygame的先决条件
要学习pygame，我们必须了解Python编程语言。
安装Pygame
打开命令行终端，输入以下命令来安装pygame。
pip install pygame
我们还可以通过IDE安装它。要获取更多安装指南，请访问我们完整的pygame教程（https://www.javatpoint.com/pygame）。在这里，您将找到所有必要的pygame解释。
简单pygame示例
以下是创建简单pygame窗口的示例。
import pygame
pygame.init()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((400,500))
done = False
while not done:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
done = True
pygame.display.flip()
输出：
所有的图像都将绘制在pygame窗口中。
让我们了解一下上面程序的基本语法。
import pygame – 这是允许我们使用pygame的所有功能的模块。
pygame.init() – 这用于初始化pygame的所有必需模块。
pygame.display.set_mode((width, height)) – 这用于调整窗口大小。它将返回表面对象。表面对象用于执行图形操作。
pygame.event.get() – 它使事件队列为空。如果我们不调用它，窗口消息将开始堆积，游戏将在操作系统的看法下变得无响应。
pygame.QUIT – 它用于在单击窗口角落的交叉按钮时取消事件。
pygame.display.flip() – 它用于反映游戏的任何更新。如果我们进行任何更改，我们需要调用display.flip()函数。
我们可以在pygame表面上绘制任何形状，包括添加图像和吸引人的字体。Pygame提供了许多内置函数来绘制几何形状到屏幕上。这些形状是开发游戏的初始阶段。
让我们了解一下以下示例的形状绘制到屏幕上。
示例
import pygame
from math import pi
pygame.init()
# size variable is using for set screen size
size = [400, 300]
screen = pygame.display.set_mode(size)
pygame.display.set_caption("Example program to draw geometry")
# done variable is using as flag
done = False
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
while not done:
# clock.tick() limits the while loop to a max of 10 times per second.
clock.tick(10)
for event in pygame.event.get(): # User did something
if event.type == pygame.QUIT: # If user clicked on close symbol
done = True # done variable that we are complete, so we exit this loop
# All drawing code occurs after the for loop and but
# inside the main while done==False loop.
# Clear the default screen background and set the white screen background
screen.fill((0, 0, 0))
# Draw on the screen a green line which is 5 pixels wide.
pygame.draw.line(screen, (0, 255, 0), [0, 0], [50, 30], 5)
# Draw on the screen a green line which is 5 pixels wide.
pygame.draw.lines(screen, (0, 0, 0), False, [[0, 80], [50, 90], [200, 80], [220, 30]], 5)
# Draw a rectangle outline
pygame.draw.rect(screen, (0, 0, 0), [75, 10, 50, 20], 2)
# Draw a solid rectangle
pygame.draw.rect(screen, (0, 0, 0), [150, 10, 50, 20])
# This draw an ellipse outline, using a rectangle as the outside boundaries
pygame.draw.ellipse(screen, (255, 0, 0), [225, 10, 50, 20], 2)
# This draw a solid ellipse, using a rectangle as the outside boundaries
pygame.draw.ellipse(screen, (255, 0, 0), [300, 10, 50, 20])
# Draw a triangle using the polygon function
pygame.draw.polygon(screen, (0, 0, 0), [[100, 100], [0, 200], [200, 200]], 5)
# This draw a circle
pygame.draw.circle(screen, (0, 0, 255), [60, 250], 40)
# This draw an arc
pygame.draw.arc(screen, (0, 0, 0), [210, 75, 150, 125], 0, pi / 2, 2)
# This function must write after all the other drawing commands.
pygame.display.flip()
# Quite the execution when clicking on close
pygame.quit()
输出:
解释 –
在上面的示例中，我们绘制了不同的形状，如三角形、直线、矩形、椭圆、圆、弧、实心圆和椭圆。根据形状，我们使用了适当的参数来调用pygame.draw函数。
示例 – 使用Pygame开发贪吃蛇游戏
程序 –
# Snake Tutorial Using Pygame
import math
import random
import pygame
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import messagebox
class cube(object):
rows = 20
w = 500
def __init__(self, start, dirnx=1, dirny=0, color=(255, 0, 0)):
self.pos = start
self.dirnx = 1
self.dirny = 0
self.color = color
def move(self, dirnx, dirny):
self.dirnx = dirnx
self.dirny = dirny
self.pos = (self.pos[0] + self.dirnx, self.pos[1] + self.dirny)
def draw(self, surface, eyes=False):
dis = self.w // self.rows
i = self.pos[0]
j = self.pos[1]
pygame.draw.rect(surface, self.color, (i * dis + 1, j * dis + 1, dis - 2, dis - 2))
if eyes:
centre = dis // 2
radius = 3
circleMiddle = (i * dis + centre - radius, j * dis + 8)
circleMiddle2 = (i * dis + dis - radius * 2, j * dis + 8)
pygame.draw.circle(surface, (0, 0, 0), circleMiddle, radius)
pygame.draw.circle(surface, (0, 0, 0), circleMiddle2, radius)
# This class is defined for snake design and its movement
class snake(object):
body = []
turns = {}
def __init__(self, color, pos):
self.color = color
self.head = cube(pos)
self.body.append(self.head)
self.dirnx = 0
self.dirny = 1
def move(self):
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
pygame.quit()
keys = pygame.key.get_pressed()
# It will manage the keys movement for the snake
for key in keys:
if keys[pygame.K_LEFT]:
self.dirnx = -1
self.dirny = 0
self.turns[self.head.pos[:]] = [self.dirnx, self.dirny]
elif keys[pygame.K_RIGHT]:
self.dirnx = 1
self.dirny = 0
self.turns[self.head.pos[:]] = [self.dirnx, self.dirny]
elif keys[pygame.K_UP]:
self.dirnx = 0
self.dirny = -1
self.turns[self.head.pos[:]] = [self.dirnx, self.dirny]
elif keys[pygame.K_DOWN]:
self.dirnx = 0
self.dirny = 1
self.turns[self.head.pos[:]] = [self.dirnx, self.dirny]
# Snake when hit the boundary wall
for i, c in enumerate(self.body):
p = c.pos[:]
if p in self.turns:
turn = self.turns[p]
c.move(turn[0], turn[1])
if i == len(self.body) - 1:
self.turns.pop(p)
else:
if c.dirnx == -1 and c.pos[0] <= 0:
c.pos = (c.rows - 1, c.pos[1])
elif c.dirnx == 1 and c.pos[0] >= c.rows - 1:
c.pos = (0, c.pos[1])
elif c.dirny == 1 and c.pos[1] >= c.rows - 1:
c.pos = (c.pos[0], 0)
elif c.dirny == -1 and c.pos[1] <= 0:
c.pos = (c.pos[0], c.rows - 1)
else:
c.move(c.dirnx, c.dirny)
def reset(self, pos):
self.head = cube(pos)
self.body = []
self.body.append(self.head)
self.turns = {}
self.dirnx = 0
self.dirny = 1
# It will add the new cube in snake tail after every successful score
def addCube(self):
tail = self.body[-1]
dx, dy = tail.dirnx, tail.dirny
if dx == 1 and dy == 0:
self.body.append(cube((tail.pos[0] - 1, tail.pos[1])))
elif dx == -1 and dy == 0:
self.body.append(cube((tail.pos[0] + 1, tail.pos[1])))
elif dx == 0 and dy == 1:
self.body.append(cube((tail.pos[0], tail.pos[1] - 1)))
elif dx == 0 and dy == -1:
self.body.append(cube((tail.pos[0], tail.pos[1] + 1)))
self.body[-1].dirnx = dx
self.body[-1].dirny = dy
def draw(self, surface):
for i, c in enumerate(self.body):
if i == 0:
c.draw(surface, True)
else:
c.draw(surface)
def drawGrid(w, rows, surface):
sizeBtwn = w // rows
x = 0
y = 0
for l in range(rows):
x = x + sizeBtwn
y = y + sizeBtwn
# draw grid line
pygame.draw.line(surface, (255, 255, 255), (x, 0), (x, w))
pygame.draw.line(surface, (255, 255, 255), (0, y), (w, y))
# This class define for draw game surface
def redrawWindow(surface):
global rows, width, s, snack
# This is used to grid surface
surface.fill((0, 0, 0))
s.draw(surface)
snack.draw(surface)
drawGrid(width, rows, surface)
pygame.display.update()
def randomSnack(rows, item):
positions = item.body
while True:
x = random.randrange(rows)
y = random.randrange(rows)
if len(list(filter(lambda z: z.pos == (x, y), positions))) > 0:
continue
else:
break
return (x, y)
# Using Tkinter function to display message
def message_box(subject, content):
root = tk.Tk()
root.attributes("-topmost", True)
root.withdraw()
messagebox.showinfo(subject, content)
try:
root.destroy()
except:
pass
# main() function
def main():
global width, rows, s, snack
width = 500
rows = 20
win = pygame.display.set_mode((width, width))
s = snake((255, 0, 0), (10, 10))
snack = cube(randomSnack(rows, s), color=(0, 255, 0))
flag = True
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
while flag:
pygame.time.delay(50)
clock.tick(10)
s.move()
if s.body[0].pos == snack.pos:
s.addCube()
snack = cube(randomSnack(rows, s), color=(0, 255, 0))
for x in range(len(s.body)):
if s.body[x].pos in list(map(lambda z: z.pos, s.body[x + 1:])):
print('Score: \n', len(s.body))
message_box('You Lost!\n', 'Play again...\n')
s.reset((10, 10))
break
redrawWindow(win)
pass
main()
翻譯成中文，不解釋，保留HTML格式：
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標題
這是一個段落
输出：
如果蛇触碰到自己，游戏将终止并显示以下信息。
我们可以通过点击 确定 按钮再次开始游戏。我们可以在Pycharm终端中看到我们的得分（我们使用了Pycharm IDE；您可以使用任何Python IDE）。
将上述代码复制并粘贴到您的IDE中，然后尽情享受。要了解Pygame的概念，请访问我们的完整pygame教程。